Terms to Outline
- Mongol Yoke -- effect on future leadership in Russia
- Ivan I ("Moneybags")
- Ivan III
- service nobility
- Ivan IV ("the Terrible")
- "Time of Troubles"
- Romanov dynasty
- Peter the Great
- westernization
- St. Petersburg
Questions to Consider
- How might the Mongol Yoke have influenced future leaders (like Ivan III) in ruling Russia? What allowed Ivan to stop acknowledging the authority of the khan?
- In what ways does Ivan IV ("the Terrible") make the continued push towards absolutism in Russia?
- Consider the role of the service nobility and the cossacks.
- How is Russian society transformed at the beginning of the Romanov dynasty?
- How did Peter the Great's military rule affect the strength of Russia and Peter's prestige?
- What is westernization and why might it have elevated Russia's status?
- Why was the relocation of Russia's capital to St. Petersburg significant?
Terms to Outline:
- serfdom
- new laws to restrict movement of serfs
- hereditary subjugation
- Bohemian Estates -- what happens to them in the Thirty Years' War
- robot
- Ferdinand III
- Suleiman the Magnificent
- Jannisaries
- Pragmatic Sanction
- Brandenburg
- Frederick William, the "Great Elector"
- Junkers
- Frederick William I
Questions to Consider:
- Why did serfdom decline in Western Europe and not in Eastern Europe? What did the monarchy have to do with this?
- What was the status of Austria and Prussia after the Thirty Years' War?
- How do the Habsburgs move towards a more absolutist state after the Thirty Years' War?
- How did the Ottoman Turks and the Hungarians pose a threat to the Habsburgs and absolutism?
- What was the state of Brandenburg after the Thirty Years' War? How does Frederick William, the "Great Elector" make the move towards absolutism in Prussia?
- How does Frederick William I later solidify absolutism in Prussia?
Terms to Outline
- Restoration
- Clarendon Code
- Test Act of 1673
- Charles II's views on Catholicism
- Habeas Corpus Act
- James II
- Glorious Revolution
- Causes
- William and Mary of Orange
- Bill of Rights
- Was it democratic?
- Locke's Second Treatise of Civil Government
- English Cabinet System
- Dutch Republic
- Centralized government?
- stadholders
- religious tolerance
- Netherlands' economy
- major industries
- joint-stock companies
Questions to Consider
- How was Charles II's rule after the restoration different from his predecessors (James I and Charles II)?
- to what extent did he get along with Parliament? Think particularly in terms of religion
- Why did Parliament overthrow James II?
- How was political leadership in England different after the Glorious Revolution?
- To what extent was this new government fully democratic?
- How did the cabinet system affect the strength of the monarchy?
- Compare and contrast Dutch political leadership to that of other European nations we studied. How might religion and its economic structure play a role in the Netherlands' politics?
Terms to Outline
- Definition of Constitutionalism
- which countries were more likely to support it? Why?
- difference between Republican and and Monarchical Constitutionalism
- Was constitutionalism a fully democratic system? Why or why not?
- Role of the English Gentry
- Religious issues in England
- James I
- absolutist tendencies -- effect on the prestige of the monarchy
- Charles I
- relationship with Parliament
- tax issues
- Petition of Right
- rule without Parliament -- the "thorough"
- "ship money"
- "Short Parliament"
- "Long Parliament"
- English Civil War
- Cavaliers
- Roundheads
- Oliver Cromwell
- Pride's Purge and "Rump Parliament"
- Charles's beheading
- Interregnum
- Commonwealth
- Protectorate
- Cromwell's military campaigns
- Cromwell's regulation of moral life
Questions to Consider
- Why did constitutionalism grow in popularity in England? What does it say about the leadership of James I and Charles I?
- How and why did religion play a role in the move towards constitutionalism in England?
- Why, if Charles I was beheaded, did the English restore the monarchy under Charles II?
Terms to Outline
- Move towards absolutism under Ferdinand and Isabella, Charles V, and Philip II
- Escorial Palace
- Spanish Inquisition -- effect on absolutism
- Ways the following events contributed to Spain's position of power:
- monarchs following Philip II: Philip III, Philip IV, and Charles V
- Spain's defeat in the Thirty Years War
- Treaty of the Pyrenees
- War of Spanish Succession
Questions to Consider
- How did the following monarchs attempt to strengthen the Spanish monarchy, and thus move towards absolutism? Ferdinand and Isabella, Charles V, and Philip II. To what extent were they successful?
- Consider their attempts to unify Spain religiously (through the Inquisition, the reconquista, and the Thirty Years War). Why was their strategy seen as absolutist? Why wasn't it successful?
- Why were the wars in the 17th century particularly damaging for absolutism in Spain?
Terms to Outline
- Louis XIV's absolutist characteristics
- length of reign
- France's position of power compared to other European countries
- reaction to the Fronde
- control over different classes
- the Estates General
- the peasantry -- what is a corvee?
- role of Versailles and contribution towards absolutism
- Mercantilism + Bullionism
- Jean Babstiste Colbert
- Weaknesses of mercantilism and the French Economy
- Wars of Louis XIV
- purpose of wars?
- effect on France's stature?
- War of Devolution (First Dutch War)
- Second Dutch War
- War of the League of Augsburg
- War of Spanish Succession
- Treaty of Utrecht
- Which European country benefitted the most?
- Cost of Louis XIV's wars?
Questions to Consider
- Why was Louis XIV considered the quintessential absolutist ruler? What characteristics of his rule make him differ from his predecessors?
- What are the various ways that Louis XIV controls various social classes?
- How did Jean Baptiste Colbert develop the French economy? What were the limits of these economic improvements (hint: wars)?
- Why was Louis XIV constantly at war during his reign, and what was the result?
Terms to Outline:
- Absolutism's characteristics
- contrast with absolutism in Eastern Europe
- divine right of kings
- contrast with totalitarianism
- Absolutism in France
- Henry IV (of Navarre)
- Duke of Sully
- Mercantilism
- other economic reforms under Sully
- Louis XIII
- Cardinal Richelieu
- Intendent system
- The Fronde
- Cardinal Mazarin
- Impact on Louis XIV
Questions to Consider
- What made absolutism attractive to 17th century monarchs?
- How did absolutism in western Europe differ from that of eastern Europe? (We will also discuss this more in Chapter 17)
- Was absolutism the same as totalitarianism? Why or why not?
- To what extent was absolutism "absolute" in France? How does the role of the Duke of Sully, Cardinal Richelieu, and Cardinal Mazarin help us address this question?
